Mass Communication & Journalism

  INSTITUTION Institution is an established way of behaving or established forms of procedure. It consists of all the structural components of a society through which the main concerns and activities are organized and social needs such as those for order, belief and reproduction are met. The term institution was used by Parsons and Spencer in this sense. These sociologists considered institutions as central to the notion of society as an organism or functioning system. In every society there are certain basic social needs. It is a must for the society to meet these needs for the survival and satisfaction of its members. In each society, therefore, people create social institutions to meet these needs. What is an Institution? The sociological concept of the term is different from its common usage: An institution is a system of norms to achieve some goal or activity that people feel is important, or more formally, an organized cluster of  folkways and mores centered around a major human

  MODERNIZATION Modernization it the process of economic and social change that is brought about by the introduction of the industrial mode of production into a society. Modernization theory  is a theory used to explain the process of Modernization within societies. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with assistance, "traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have. Modernization theory attempts to identify the social variables which contribute to social progress and development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social evolution. Not surprisingly, modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among communist and free-market ideologies, world systems theorists, globalization theory and dependency theory among others. Modernization theory not only stresses the process of change but also the responses to that change. It also looks at internal dynamics while re

  SOCIAL CHANGE It is impossible for a man to step into the same river twice, Heraclitus said. It is impossible for two reasons: the second time it is not the same river and the second time it is not the same man. In the interval of time between the first and the second stepping, no matter how short, both the river and the man have change. Neither remains the same. This is the central theme of the Heralictean philosophy, the reality of change, the impermanence of being the inconsistency of everything but change itself. Social change is the transformation of culture and social organization/structure over time. In the modern world we are aware that society is never static and that social, political, economic and cultural changes occur constantly. There are a whole range of classic theories and research methods available within sociology for the study of social change. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE There are four main characteristics of social change (Macionis 1996): - 1.         It ha

  According to Muzafer Sherif:  Social psychology is the scientific study of the experience and behavior of individuals in relation to other individuals, groups, and cultures.  According to Gordon Allport:  Social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings" EXPLANATION  Scientific Study  Experience and Behaviour  The Individuals  Individuals, Groups and Culture Scientific Study: The term scientific defines the method of approach to which modern social psychology is committed, that is, it employs a three-step process of what is known aws the “Scientific Method”. This process involves  The collection of carefully made observation  The ordered integration of these observations to permit the statement of general principles describing the logical patterns into which they fall  The utiliz

  SELF –DEFINITIONS  According to Ausubel, 1952 The self has been defined as the combination of one’s physical appearance, personal memories, and sensory images.  According to Yinger, He characterizes the self as the mental images of the “who I am” or “what I want to be”.  According to Sullivan  He conceptualized the self as an organization of educative experiences called into being by the necessity to avoid or to minimize incidents of anxiety. EXPLANATION Social scientists generally refer to perceptions of the self as an individual self concept or feelings of itself-esteem. The self-concept is more general than self esteem and includes an identification of the characteristics of the individual as well as an evaluation of them.  Example:  A person’s self concept may be built around the perception that he or she is a good tennis player. Self esteem is sometimes used as a synonym of self-concept, but usually it emphasizes the evaluation of the person’s characteristics. An in

LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION DEFINITION A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written" For communicating linguistically, the whole language is available, some times one can communicate in even more than one language linguistic communication is accompanied by certain elements of non-linguistic communication. While talking a speaker often uses facial expressions and hand movements to convey his message with greater force or more elaborately. This also gives the listener an idea about the speakers mooed and attitude. NON-LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION DEFINITION Linguistic" means pertaining to language. "Nonlinguistic" means not using language. Nonlinguistic communication is the imparting of information without using language. Or in othe