Mass Communication & Journalism

  NEWS AGENCY T   he concept of wire service was taken from courier pigeon service between two cities of Europe which had not been linked by telegraph in the first half of the 19 th century. The first modern wire service was the Associated Press (AP) which did not acquire its present form until a dispute erupted between its eastern and western factions, resulting in the formation of the Associated Press of Illinois. United Press International (UPI) became the first supplier of news to radio stations. Before 1947 the Muslim newspapers were dependent on Hindu dominated news agencies. At that time two news agencies namely Associated Press of India and United Press of India were important. Syed Mohammad of Bihar established Orient Press of India in 1940 in Patna . After partition the Associated Press of India was converted into the Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) by its Lahore Bureau. Similarly, Pakistan Press International (PPI) and UPI were established in 194

NARRATIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Narrative discourse analysis is an unobtrusive methodology that explores the meanings, structure, and function of narrative messages. PURPOSES It aims to achieve one or more following four purposes: ü     Descriptions ü     Inferences ü     Interpretations ü     Criticism Descriptive analysis is expository .spelling out the meaning, organizational features, and functional of narrative message. Inferential analysis draws conclusions about phenomena external to a message based on salient message characteristics. Interpretation goes beyond inference and speculates about the intrinsic content of a message and its relation to extrinsic phenomena. Criticism involves an explicit discussion of the meanings, structures and functions of the narrative discourse based on a set of evolution criteria. ISSUES IN NARRATIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS The extent to which researchers engage in description, inference, interpretation and criticis

CONTENT ANALYSIS – AN INTRODUCTION Content analysis is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words or concepts within texts or sets of texts. Researchers quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and relationships of such words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the texts, the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part. Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews, discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, historical documents, speeches, conversations, advertising, theater, informal conversation, or really any occurrence of communicative language. CONTENT ANALYSIS : People have defined content analysis in many ways:-                       Walizar and Wienir (IW8) defined it as “any systematic procedure devised to examine the content of recorded information”.             Krippendorf (1980) defines it as a “resear

COHORT ANALYSIS Cohort was one of the ten divisions of military legion to the Rome .For research purpose a cohort is any group of individuals who are linked some way or who have experienced the same "significant event" in a given period. In usually, the significant life evens is birth control in which case the group is turned of birth control. There are however many other kind of cohort, including marriage, for example all married between 1990_1995, divorced; all those divorced between 1995_2003 educational (class of 1990). "Any study in which there are measures of characteristics of one or more cohorts at two or more points in time is a cohort analysis" Cohort analysis attempts to identify a cohort effect: "Are changes are the department variable due to aging, or are they present because the sample members belong to the same cohort?" Typically, a cohort analysis involve data in more than one cohort and