Mass Communication & Journalism

  Holding a press conference is one of the best promotions you can do for a product or service, or to establish a certain agenda. Gathering the press together gives your story a chance to be covered and therefore be known all over the place. PREPARE THE PLACE FOR PRESS CONFERENCE:       Usually, a press conference is held in a place familiar to the media like the local municipal building or a hotel. Consider the place’s accommodation capacity, too. How many people do you expect to come at the press conference? If there will be TV coverage, the place should have enough space where to set up cameras. There should also be electrical outlets. If it will be an outdoor event, make sure you’ll have an alternative place in case of bad weather.   CHOOSE THE BEST TIME AND DAY FOR THE PRESS CONFERENCE:  Whatever day and time you choose, make sure that you start the press conference on time. Media people are busy people. They still have other events to cover. Being on time will earn you respect fr

  How are the Juries verdicts influenced by their individual dispositions and by their working together? Explain with examples from Pakistani Society. A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. Modern juries tend to be found in courts to judge whether an accused person is not guilty or guilty of a crime. (There is no such verdict as "innocent"). A person who is serving on a jury is called a juror. These courtroom influences upon “the average juror” are worth pondering. But no juror is the average juror; each carries into the courthouse individual attitudes and personalities. And when deliberating, they influence one another.  JUROR COMPREHENSION In making their decisions, jurors first construct a story that makes sense of all the evidence . After observing one murder trial, some jurors concluded that a quarrel made the defendant angry, trig

PRINT MEDIA T he term printed media is used to cover those communication techniques that rely principally on combinations of printed words and pictures. They are our oldest formal combination. To use them effectively the educational levels and literacy rate of the audience must be considered. Extension programmes can take a broad and creative approach to ways in which to use print methods for conveying news to specific audiences. Newspapers may come to mind first, but they are only one of several print a mass media available to convey extension news and information. TYPES OF PRINT MEDIA Newspapers: Newspapers are the most popular forms of print media. The advertiser in this case can choose from a daily newspaper to a weekly tabloid. Different types of newspaper cater to various audiences and one can select the particular category accordingly. Advertisers then design press advertisements where in the size is decided as per the budget of the client. Magazines: Magazines also of

  A  prejudice is a prejudgment, an assumption made about someone or something before having adequate knowledge to be able to do so with guaranteed accuracy. The word prejudice is most commonly used to refer to a preconceived judgment toward a people or a person because of race, social class, gender, ethnicity, age, disability, political beliefs, religion, sexual orientation or other personal characteristics. It also means beliefs without knowledge of the facts and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence." Prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination, racism, sexism: The terms often overlap. Before seeking to understand prejudice, let’s clarify the terms. Each of the situations just described involved a negative evaluation of some group. And that is the essence of prejudice: an unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its individual members. Prejudice is prejudgment; it biases us against a person based solely on the person

  WHAT IS AGGRESSION? In psychology, as well as other social and behavioral sciences, aggression (also called combativeness) refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause pain or harm. Aggression takes a variety of forms among human beings, and it can be physical, mental, or verbal. Aggression should not be confused with assertiveness. CATEGORIES There are two broad categories of aggression. These include hostile, affective, or retaliatory aggression and instrumental, predatory, or goal-oriented aggression. Empirical research indicates that there is a critical difference between the two, both psychologically and physiologically. Some research indicates that people with tendencies toward "affective" aggression, defined in this study as being "impulsive, unplanned, overt, or uncontrolled" have lower IQs than those with tendencies toward "predatory" aggression, defined here as being "goal-oriented, planned, hidden, or c

Instinct theory is a theory that all actions, thoughts, and intents can be traced back to being caused by instinct. Human actions such as ridiculing others can be thought to be akin to an animal attacking a younger animal of the same species so as to deter them from trying to usurp a leader in the pack. It is often this that offers an explanation for why a person would act one way or another. Adultery is another form of this. Instinct tells animals to take the easiest path to survival. If a significant other doesn't produce offspring or sufficiently please a person, that person might look for another way to perpetuate the species or to live more easily. It is an advanced form of crude animal behavior.   The influence of dualism on early psychology provided a temptingly simple answer to the question of why people behave as they do. Because dualist views of human nature supported the idea of free will, the dualist 'theory' of motivation succinctly asserted that people choose

  The frustration aggression theory states that aggression is caused by frustration. When someone is prevented from reaching his target, he becomes frustrated. This frustration then can turn into aggression when something triggers it. For example, if you failed in your final exam, you will definitely become frustrated. What if someone you barley know told you “You are such a loser not to pass that exam”. In this case, your stored frustration will surely turn into aggression. Note that the frustration aggression theory does not provide explanation to all types of aggression but it rather focuses on aggression that prevents you from reaching your aim. Aggressive people need special treatment:           If you found someone acting in an aggressive manner know that behind this aggression is some kind of frustration, your goal should be allowing that person to release his feelings of frustration in a constructive way. Confronting him with the main causes of his aggression may be sometimes a

  Social learning theory is derived from the work of Albert Bandura  which proposed that social learning occurred through four main stages of imitation:  close contact  imitation of superiors  understanding of concepts  role model behavior For the article on social learning theory in psychology and education see social cognitive theory. It consists of three parts: observing, imitating, and reinforcements Julian Rotter moved away from theories based on psychosis and behaviorism, and developed a learning theory. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1945), Rotter suggests that the effect of behavior has an impact on the motivation of people to engage in that specific behavior. People wish to avoid negative consequences, while desiring positive results or effects. If one expects a positive outcome from a behavior, or thinks there is a high probability of a positive outcome, then they will be more likely to engage in that behavior. The behavior is reinforced, with positiv

  Love is an emotion of strong affection and personal attachment. In philosophical context, love is a virtue representing all of human kindness, compassion, and affection. Love is central to many religions, as in the Christian phrase, "God is love" or Agape in the Canonical gospels. Love may also be described as actions towards others (or oneself) based on compassion. Or as actions towards others based on affection. TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE The triangular theory of love is a theory of love developed by psychologist Robert Sternberg. The theory characterizes love within the context of interpersonal relationships by three different components: Intimacy: Which encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness. Passion: Which encompasses drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation. Commitment: Which encompasses, in the short term, the decision to remain with another, and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made wit

  Altruism is selfless concern for the welfare of others. It is a traditional virtue in many cultures, and a core aspect of various religious traditions, though the concept of 'others' toward whom concern should be directed can vary among religions. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness. Altruism can be distinguished from feelings of loyalty and duty. Altruism focuses on a motivation to help others or a want to do good without reward, while duty focuses on a moral obligation towards a specific individual (for example, a god, a king), a specific organization (for example, a government), or an abstract concept (for example, patriotism etc.). Some individuals may feel both altruism and duty, while others may not. Pure altruism is giving without regard to reward or the benefits that recognition of the giving may bring. The term altruism may also refer to an ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others. Used in this sense, it is the opposite